The future of the Internet

by Craig Miller

Outline  

• Introductions
• What is IPv6?
• Short history of IP addresses
• Why is it needed?
• A dramatization of running out of IP addersses (Web Archive)
• Addresses will be exhausted by 2011
• Map of the Internet (2006) (2008)
• Another View (2009)
• Yet Another View (2010)
• We actually ran out of IPv4 addresses in Sept 2015
• How did we get this far? 
• Net Address Translations (NAT) & Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR)
• Similarities to IPv4
• Short review and History of IPv4
• The beginning RFC 675 (1974), then RFC 791 (1981)
• Network Masking, Classes, and CIDR
•  Header now size 40 bytes, double the 20 bytes size of the IPv4 header
• IPv6 Header vs IPv4 Header (or side by side)
  
• No change to OSI model (still at layer 3)
• Addresses
• Counting to 16 - Hexadecimal
• Similar to Ethernet Addressing
• What does an IPv6 address look like?20 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
• Addressing short cuts
• zeros only in groups - 2001:db8:85a3:0:0:8a2e:370:7334
• Consecutive zeros of groups - 2001:db8:85a3::8a2e:370:7334
• Use '::' only once. Not Allowed - 2001::FFD3::57ab
• IPv6 Address Space - http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-address-space
• Address Types
• Unicast  - 2000::/3
• Anycast
• Unique Local IPv6 Unicast - FC00::/7 (RFC 4193)
• Multicast - FF00::/8
• Link-Local - FE80::/10
• Loopback -  ::1/128
• Comparison of IPv4 and IPv6
• Decoding an IPv6 address
• Auto-Configuration
• Stateless Auto-Configuration (RFC 4862) - Use of Link local address 
• Replaces DHCP in IPv4
• Compatible with DHCPv6 - RFC 3315
• Transition from IPv4 to IPv6
• dual-stack IP implementations for interoperating hosts and router
• embedding IPv4 addresses in IPv6 addresses 
• IPv4 Mapped addresses ::FFFF:/96 - RFC 4291
• IPv6-over-IPv4 tunneling mechanisms
• Encapsulating a IPv6 Packet inside a IPv4 Packet
• IPv4/IPv6 header translation (think NAT-like functionality)
• Application Layer Proxy
• Native IPv6 ISPs
• Lava.net (Hawaii) (IPv6 BGP Routes)
• Hurricane Electric (IPv4/IPv6 Routes)
  
• Looking Glass BGP4 List
• World-wide List
• Using IPv6 in the real world
• IPv6 in a URL - https://[2001:db8::1428:57ab]:443/
• IPv6 DNS - using AAAA records
• Google and IPv6 - http://www.google.com/intl/en/ipv6/
• Map of IPv6 Backbone
• Security
• IPSec built into IPv6
• TLS (aka SSL) still work the same
• New security exploits are possible
• Operating systems with Native IPv6 support
• Linux alpha (1996)
• BSD (2000)
• Cisco IOS (2001)
• Windows XP SP1 (2002)
• MacOS X 10.3 (2003)
• Linux production quality (2005)
  
• Windows Vista (2007), Seven (2009), 8.0, 8.1 (2014)
  
• Cool Tools
• Wireshark (screenshot)
  
• WRT-54GL Router and OpenWRT Software
• IPv6 Report - details on a specific IPv6 address
• Keith Barkers excellent IPv6 youtube video series
• Summary
• Why is IPv6 Better than IPv4? (hint: no NAT)
• How will this impact firewalls?
• Questions?

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Homework

1. Look at your computer at home, and write down the IPv6 address
2. How big is an IPv6 Address?